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16.6 Math miscellany

\*
A “discretionary” multiplication symbol, at which a line break is allowed.
\cdots
A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line.
\ddots
A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots.
\frac{num}{den}
Produces the fraction num divided by den.
\left delim1 ... \right delim2
The two delimiters need not match; ‘.’ acts as a null delimiter, producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math in between. Example: \left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right].
\overbrace{text}
Generates a brace over text. For example, \overbracex+\cdots+x^k \rm\;times.
\overline{text}
Generates a horizontal line over tex. For exampe, \overlinex+y.
\sqrt[root]{arg}
Produces the representation of the square root of arg. The optional argument root determines what root to produce. For example, the cube root of x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$.
\stackrel{text}{relation}
Puts text above relation. For example, \stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}.
\underbrace{math}
Generates math with a brace underneath.
\underline{text}
Causes text, which may be either math mode or not, to be underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of descenders.
\vdots
Produces a vertical ellipsis.